Hazards: There are three main types of hazards in a pipeline: structural when the hardware does not support executing multiple instructions at the same time, data when instructions depend on each other, and control when branches and decisions affect the flow of instructions.
Design Complexity: Implementing an effective pipeline requires complex design to properly manage dependencies and hazards.
Performance degradation: For example, if a hazard occurs in the control system, the pipeline may be forced to discard some partially processed instructions, resulting in performance degradation.
5. Hyper-Threading and SMT
5.1 Hyperthreading – Intel
Hyper-Threading is a technology developed by Intel egypt mobile database that allows a single physical processor core to execute two threads or execution processes simultaneously. This is achieved by duplicating certain sections of the processor that store architectural state, but not duplicating the entire physical core.
How Hyper-Threading Works
Each physical processor core has two separate sets of registers small, fast data stores and processor states. The operating system sees each physical core as two logical cores. The processor can switch between these two threads on a core depending on processing needs, allowing for more efficient use of the processor's resources.
When one thread is blocked or waiting for resources such as waiting for data from RAM, the processor can quickly switch to another thread to continue working, thereby reducing idle time.
5.2 Simultaneous Multithreading – AMD
Simultaneous multithreading, implemented by AMD under the name "SMT", works similarly to Intel's Hyper-Threading. The goal is the same: to allow each physical core to execute multiple threads simultaneously to improve efficiency and overall performance.